HSK 7-9
因……而……
yīn...ér...
Because of...therefore... (literary)
Structure
因 + [Cause/Reason] + 而 + [Result/Action]
How it works
This formal structure expresses a causal relationship, where '因' introduces the cause or reason and 'ér' introduces the result or change. It is frequently used in written Chinese and formal speeches to link a specific factor to a subsequent outcome.
Examples
很多伟大的发明都因需求而产生。
Hěnduō wěidà de fāmíng dōu yīn xūqiú ér chǎnshēng.
Many great inventions were created because of demand.
他因表现优异而获得了晋升的机会。
Tā yīn biǎoxiàn yōuyì ér huòdéle jìnshēng de jīhuì.
He obtained a promotion opportunity because of his excellent performance.
由于气候变暖，部分物种正因环境改变而面临灭绝。
Yóuyú qìhòu biànnuǎn, bùfèn wùzhǒng zhèng yīn huánjìng gǎibiàn ér miànlín mièjué.
Due to global warming, some species are facing extinction because of environmental changes.
Common mistakes
Avoid using '因……而……' with '所以' in the same clause, as '而' already functions as the connector to the result.
Tip
Think of this as a more elegant version of '因为……所以……'. It is most effective when the 'reason' part is a short noun phrase or a four-character idiom.
More HSK 7-9 grammar
See 因……而…… in real Chinese
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