JLPT N4
し
And / Moreover (listing reasons)
Structure
Plain form し
How it works
The particle し is used to list multiple reasons, causes, or characteristics that lead to a conclusion. It often implies that there are other reasons besides the ones explicitly mentioned, providing a sense of 'and what's more' or 'not only... but also.'
Examples
このアパートは駅に近いし、家賃も安いし、いいですよ。
This apartment is close to the station, the rent is cheap, and it's great.
今日は雨が降っているし、お金もないし、出かけません。
It's raining today, I don't have money, so I'm not going out.
田中さんは優しいし、頭もいいです。
Mr. Tanaka is kind, and he's also smart.
Common mistakes
Forgetting to use the 'da' (だ) when connecting し to a Na-adjective or a Noun in the present tense (e.g., saying 'kirei shi' instead of 'kirei da shi').
Tip
Think of 'shi' as a way to build a stronger argument; while 'te-form' just connects actions, 'shi' emphasizes the reasons behind your opinion.
More JLPT N4 grammar
See し in real Japanese
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